Prevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Blood Donors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Toxoplasmosis is a prevalent public health problem that infects humans and animals. Humans can become infected by consuming improperly washed vegetables, raw meat, contaminated water, or exposure to cats or their feces. Infection can also occur through the transfusion of contaminated blood. The current review aimed to assess the seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in blood donors globally. Methods: After registering with PROSPERO (CRD42024597115), the search was carried out in databases including PubMed and Google Scholar from January 2014 to December 2024 in the English language using the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 15 cross-sectional studies reporting the prevalence of toxoplasmosis among blood donors, involving any serological method for detecting total antibodies or IgG only, having a sample size of more than 100, and free full text available, were included. The exclusion criteria included studies with incomplete data, non-cross-sectional designs, or duplicate reports. The I2 statistic was used to evaluate heterogeneity. The risk of bias was assessed on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The funnel plot was developed to assess publication bias. Results: A total of 8610 participants were analysed in 15 included studies. The age range of included participants was 18 to 65 years. Out of 15, six studies were conducted in Africa, five in Asia, two in Europe, and one each in North America and transcontinental. The serological tests performed in all studies included enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescent assay, serum antibody detection, and latex or direct agglutination tests. The estimated pooled seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in blood donors was 32.6% (95% CI, 25.3–40.9%). The highest prevalence was in Asia (36.2%) and the lowest in America (13.5%). We found a significant association of prevalence with two risk factors: area of residence (OR = 1.61, p <0.001) and contact with cats (OR = 1.30, p = 0.002). Discussion: A moderate seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis infection was found in blood donors, showing a significant association with the residence of blood donors and a history of contact with cats. There is low heterogeneity among studies, stable sensitivity analysis results, and most of the included studies showed satisfactory risk of bias so this meta-analysis's precision is moderate to high.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.033 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.019 | 0.032 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".