The function of citrate in bone: platelet adhesion and mineral nucleation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mineral component of bone consists of platelets of apatite 2-6 nm thick, which are bound together as stacks of up to 30 platelets located around and between the collagen fibrils. These coherent stacks of platelets, which contribute significantly to the compressive stiffness and strength of bone, are held together by glue. We show that this glue is most likely citrate, 2 wt% of bone. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses have shown that citrate is attached to calcium atoms in bone, most likely connected to the faces of apatite crystals. Citrate molecules bound on apatite plates also act as the epitaxial site for the growth of additional apatite crystals, forming stacks of mineral plates. The presence of citrate should also contribute to the bonding of minerals to collagen and the resulting mechanical properties of bone. Such insights provide a deeper understanding of bone biology. These findings should also stimulate new studies on the mechanics of bone at the nanoscale aimed to characterize experimentally and computationally the strengths of these two types of interfaces, the mineral-collagen, and mineral-mineral interfaces in the presence of citrate, and their effect on bone's mechanical properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".