Dynamic modulation of separation performance in electrically conductive polyamide membranes with scalable fabrication potential
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polyamide is the most commonly used selective layer in nanofiltration membranes at an industrial scale. However, polyamide membranes lack flexibility, as their performance in terms of rejection and flux becomes fixed once the membrane is formed. Although several studies have explored during- and post-fabrication modifications of polyamide membranes, these approaches result in irreversible changes to membrane properties. Herein, we developed an electrically conductive polyamide membrane with dynamically tunable salt rejection performance by applying external positive or negative potentials. The observed changes in membrane performance were reversible, indicating that the chemical and structural integrity of the membrane is maintained. Furthermore, unlike findings from previous studies, the salt rejection performance of this membrane remains uncompromised even at voltages that induce electrochemical reactions. These results highlight the potential of this membrane for adaptive filtration systems and applications requiring electrochemical reactions without sacrificing separation efficiency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".