Morphostructural controls on heat flow and fluid circulation in the Valle de Nereidas geothermal field, Nevado del Ruiz, Northern Andes, Colombia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Morphostructural features are essential for geothermal resource evaluation. They provide insights into geological structures and surface features that are linked to geothermal activity, thus enhancing exploration and resource characterization efficiency. This study assesses a place with recognized geothermal energy via structural lineaments, and morphological environments and geological units using diverse satellite images information and fieldwork resources to define the morphostructural framework of the Valle de Nereidas geothermal field. The results indicate that: 1) heat contribution in the study area is primarily associated with volcanic emission centers and units younger than 2 Ma, extending beyond the Nevado del Ruiz volcanic complex; and 2) fluid circulation and recharge zones correspond to fractured lava flows, where thermal contraction facilitates the infiltration and movement of regional groundwater. These findings suggest that the geothermal system in the Valle de Nereidas is controlled by both volcanic and structural features, where young volcanic edifices act as heat sources, and faulted and fractured zones enhance fluid circulation. Data from the drilled well Nereidas-1, including lithological descriptions, helped to establish relationships between subsurface geology and surface expressions of geothermal activity. These results help to define the spatial distribution of thermal anomalies and recharge areas, which directly impact resource sustainability and reservoir management. Furthermore, they provide valuable information for improving geothermal exploration strategies in the area by refining the model of subsurface heat transport and fluid dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".