Horncore Size as an Ecometric Indicator? Considerations from the Observation of North American Bison
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bison bison historically have been found across North America. This broad geographic distribution places them in a variety of climatic conditions, which may influence their morphology. The vascularised horncores for bison are overlain by a keratinous sheath, and it is possible that this results in preferential heat loss for the animal in this region. Larger horncores possess a larger surface through which body heat maybe lost, in warmer climates shedding excess heat maybe beneficial, but in colder climates maintaining body heat is critical. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the possibility that the horncore size for Bison bison can be used to infer climatic conditions. Regression analyses suggest a positive correlation between horn length and latitude in Bison, and negative correlation with temperature and precipitation. This suggests that thermoregulatory constraint does not act upon Bison horncores, but other selective pressures such as predation drive their elaboration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".