Multiscale mechanical behaviour of sand–steel structure interface for deep underground space
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As shallow and intermediate-depth underground space development saturates, deeper space expansion becomes inevitable. Thus, assessing soil–structure interface behaviour under high stress is vital for deep underground structures. In this study, a self-designed multi-functional shear apparatus was used to conduct a series of interface shear tests between sand with different relative densities and steel structure under high normal stress. The shear displacement, shear stress, particle breakage, small-strain shear modulus, and the particle displacement field were monitored throughout the tests. The results indicate that as the normal stress increases, the small-strain shear modulus increases, the relative particle breakage initially rises rapidly until 1.5 MPa normal stress and then stabilizes, the horizontal particle displacement in the interface area tends to decrease, and the vertical particle tends to compress. With increasing relative density of sand, the relative particle breakage becomes more pronounced, the horizontal particle displacement decreases, but the small-strain shear modulus shows a slight variation. The present testing results can provide a technical reference for evaluating the soil–structure interface behaviour under deep underground space.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".