Anthropogenic Nest Cavities Used by Snow Buntings in an Urban Arctic Landscape
Bibliographic record
Abstract
) is a Holarctic-breeding songbird and abundant in urban Iqaluit (pop. 7400), Nunavut. In nonurban areas of the Arctic, nest cavities are a limited resource for breeding Snow Buntings. Our goal was to assess the extent of Snow Buntings' use of anthropogenic structures versus natural rock cavities for nesting in Iqaluit. We found 160 Snow Bunting nests (2023, 2024) in Iqaluit; 45% of these were in anthropogenic nest cavities, for example, in vents in buildings or human-made rock structures (e.g., revetment gabions). This is the first documentation of extensive anthropogenic cavity use of Snow Buntings in an urban-Arctic environment. Nests in anthropogenic structures were significantly higher off the ground than nests in natural cavities but were similar in orientation and depth. Natural cavities were exclusively in rock. Anthropogenic nesting cavities were also primarily in rock (77%) but about 10% of cavities were in other materials, including wood, metal, or buildings. Given this flexibility in nest cavity use, Snow Buntings may be less limited for nest cavities in the urban environment compared to a natural landscape, although the impacts of anthropogenic nest cavities on reproductive success remain to be explored.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".