TYPE I INTERFERON STATUS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN A LARGE COHORT OF PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: Type I interferon (IFN) plays a key role in SLE pathogenesis, and an elevated IFN gene signature (IGS) has been associated with increased disease severity. This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the clinical and serological characteristics of SLE patients based on IFN-high or IFN-low status. Methods: We analyzed a large cohort of 506 patients with SLE from the University of Toronto Lupus Clinic. Patients were classified as IFN-high or IFN-low based on IGS measured using the DxTerity Modular Immune Profile test. Demographic data, disease activity scores (SLE Disease Activity Index-2000 [SLEDAI-2K], Adjusted Mean SLEDAI-2K [AMS], Adjusted AMS Glucocorticoids [AMSG]), cumulative organ involvement, autoantibody profiles, and medication use were compared between high and IFN-low groups. Results: Of the 506 patients, 291 (57.5%) were IFN-high and 215 (42.5%) were IFN-low. IFN-high patients were younger at study entry (median 46.3 vs. 54.2 years) and had shorter disease duration (median 14.1 vs. 22.7 years). IFN-high patients had higher disease activity scores (SLEDAI-2K, AMS, AMSG) and were more likely to be on glucocorticoids (38.5% vs. 27%) and immunosuppressants (63.6% vs. 45.6%), particularly mycophenolate (39.5% vs. 24.7%). They also had a greater prevalence of positive autoantibodies. Despite higher disease activity, cumulative damage (SDI) was similar between IFN-high and IFN-low groups. Conclusions: Patients with an elevated IGS have more active and severe disease, accumulating more autoantibodies and requiring greater immunosuppression. Retrospective AMS/AMSG analyses further support IGS as a predictor of disease burden. Future studies should explore its role in guiding personalized treatment strategies.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it