A study of VO2+/VO2+ and V3+/V2+ reactions on carbon-based electrodes – correlating reaction kinetics to electrode surface properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) shows great potential for large scale energy storage. The reaction kinetics of V 3+/2+ and VO 2+ /VO 2 + limit its efficiency. Carbon-based electrodes are typically used in VRFBs. Controversial results are reported in the literature on how the surface properties of carbon electrodes affect the reaction kinetics. In this work, 6 carbon based electrodes (Graphite rod presoaked in H 2 SO 4 (Graphite-soaked), Graphite-untreated, Graphite-Pine, Edge plane pyrolytic graphite, Basal plane graphite, and glassy carbon (GC)) are studied with respect to the electrochemical surface property and reaction kinetics of VO 2+ /VO 2 + and V 3+/2+ redox couples. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that capacitance, carbonyl group density, and carboxylic group density of studied electrodes are dependent on the type of electrode and that soaking in H 2 SO 4 leads to an increase in capacitance and functional group density. Diffusion coefficient, charge transfer coefficient, and reaction rate constant for both VO 2+ /VO 2 + and V 3+/2+ reactions are also dependent on the type of electrode. The diffusion coefficient of VO 2+ increase linearly with the logarithm of carbonyl group density, and that of V 3+ increase linearly with the logarithm of capacitance and carbonyl group density. Kinetic current is calculated from the charge transfer coefficient and reaction rate constant, and correlated to the surface properties. For VO 2+ to VO 2 + reaction, slightly stronger relationship is observed for kinetic current vs logarithm of carbonyl group density than that vs the logarithm of capacitance and carboxylic group. For the V 3+ to V 2+ reaction, weak relationship between kinetic current and all the 3 properties are found.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".