SPIROMETRY ASSESSMENTS IN CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN GHANA AND FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ABNORMAL LUNG FUNCTION- A CASE CONTROL STUDY.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder in which red blood cells undergo episodes of sickling following hypoxemia. Episodes of ischaemic crisis in children are predicted to accelerate the decline in pulmonary function. There are few published reports on lung function assessments in children with sickle-cell disease in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to investigate the association between patterns of spirometry assessment in children with SCD in Ghana. Method: A case-control study involving 115 children aged 6-16 years with SCD and 115 non-SCD controls was carried out at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital. Demographic, socio-economic, and clinical information were collected. Spirometry was performed for 130 cases and controls at enrolment. Results: Children with SCD had lower lung volumes and lower anthropometric measurements compared to the controls: forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ), cases vs controls, 1.40L vs 1.80L, (p<0.001), forced vital capacity (FVC), cases vs controls,1.70L vs 2.10L, (p<0.001), body mass index(BMI), cases vs controls,16.0 kg/m 2 vs 17.2 kg/m 2 , (p= 0.002), height, cases vs controls, 135cm vs 143cm, (p<0.001) weight, cases vs controls, 31kg vs 38kg, (p<0.001). Restrictive abnormality on spirometry was predominant, 43% (n=49) in cases compared to 25% (n=29) in controls. Obstructive abnormality was uncommon. We observed an association between older age and restrictive pattern on spirometry (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.23-21.91, p <0.001) as well as BMI and restrictive pattern on spirometry (OR 0.63, CI 0.48-0.81, p<0.001) Conclusion: This study has demonstrated a predominance of low anthropometric measurements and restrictive abnormality on spirometry in children with SCD in Ghana. Restrictive pulmonary function abnormality is associated with older age and lower BMI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".