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Crowding Out and Multiplier Effect in Indonesia

2025· article· en· W4410750164 on OpenAlexvenueno aff
Rubianto Pitoyo, Zefriyenni, Afriany Afriany

Bibliographic record

VenueInternational Journal of Analysis and Applications · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicSMEs Development and Digital Marketing
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMathematicsCrowdingMultiplier (economics)Mathematics educationPsychologyCognitive psychologyEconomicsKeynesian economics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The purpose of government policy from the issuance of SUN, which is anticipated to increase the amount of APBN funding available from the capital market, is affecting private investment and macroeconomic conditions. This research aims to find the correlation between SUN issuance, private bonds, Gross Domestic Product, inflation, and interest rates and finding out whether there is a multiplier effect in short term due crowding-out conditions in Indonesia. Canonical correlation is used to forecast and analyze correlations between sets of dependent and independent variables within a group. The degree of relationship between two sets of variables is measured by the canonical correlation, which characterizes an ideal linear combination of dependent and independent variables The government policy for issuing bonds (SUN) may alter the change with 48.437 percent on dependent variables (Gross Domestic Product, inflation, interest rates, and Indonesian Composite Index), and vice versa, changes in independent variables will also have an effect on changes with 38,666 percent in independent variables (Stocks, Government Bonds, And Corporate Bonds). The crowding out effect doesn’t produce the expected increase in the economic scale greater than one as predicted by Keynesian theory; however, Indonesia's crowding-out situation has a positive multiplier effect, leading to increases in Gross Domestic Product, Inflation and the Indonesian Composite Index.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.064
Threshold uncertainty score0.137

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.008
GPT teacher head0.332
Teacher spread0.324 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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