Urinary concentrations of total and free bisphenol A and daily intake estimation in northern Mexican women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a component of polycarbonates used to manufacture plastic reusable bottles and miscellaneous containers; it is a constituent of epoxy resins used for the internal coating of beverage cans. Humans are mainly exposed by ingesting contaminated food and beverages. Experimental and human studies reported diverse health problems associated with BPA. Our objectives were to measure free (FBPA) and total (TBPA) urinary levels, to estimate daily BPA intake, and to investigate sources of exposure in northern Mexican women. This study is a secondary cross-sectional analysis in controls (n = 201) participating in a population-based case-control study. BPA was extracted from urine using the Micro-QuEChERS method and determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. FBPA was detected in 88% of participants (geometric mean: 6.66; range: < LOD-48.83 ng/ml) whereas TBPA was detected in 98.5% (20.13; < LOD-37.15 ng/ml). TBPA estimated intake was 0.199 (0.007-4.26 μg/kg/bw/day), lower than the current American and Canadian tolerable daily intakes (TDI) of 50 and 25, respectively, but higher than the recently proposed TDIs by the European (0.0002 μg/kgbw/day) and German (0.2 μg/kgbw/day) authorities. Women having lower FBPA levels presented lower energy consumption, whereas those with higher TBPA concentrations were younger, had higher BMI, and higher energy intake. TBPA was positively associated with the estimated intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) but significantly negatively associated with cow's milk. The urinary concentrations of FBPA and TBPA indicated that women were widely exposed to BPA since their values were in the upper part of the range reported in other regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".