Mannose-modified hemocyanin enhances pathogen endocytosis by crustacean hemocytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In crustaceans, hemolymph plasma contains more than 90% hemocyanin, whereas hemocytes have minimal levels, suggesting a regulated uptake mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that in Penaeus vannamei, hemocytes internalize plasma hemocyanin under normal conditions via phagocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and micropinocytosis. This uptake is significantly enhanced during bacterial (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus iniae) and viral (White spot syndrome virus) infections or upon stimulation with pathogen-associated molecular patterns. While post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as dephosphorylation, deacetylation, and mannosylation enhance hemocyanin's pathogen-binding affinity, only mannosylation promotes mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis for intracellular clearance, whereas dephosphorylation and deacetylation facilitate extracellular pathogen elimination. These findings reveal that hemocyanin functions beyond oxygen transport, acting as an immune effector that undergoes PTMs to enhance intracellular pathogen clearance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".