Geotechnical properties of nanoscale fumed silica-based transparent clay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mechanical properties of transparent soil influence its reliability in visualization-based model tests. This paper investigates the static and dynamic behavior of nanoscale fumed silica under water-based pore fluid conditions. Initially, index tests suggested that its Atterberg limits and compressibility in water-based fluid exhibited a degree of similarity to highly organic clays. Additionally, monotonic and cyclic shear tests were conducted to compare its geomechanical properties with highly organic soils. Microscopic analyses were then conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) under various pore fluids. Results indicated that the critical state friction angle of fumed silica, obtained from conventional triaxial compression tests, was 40.6°, comparable to many highly organic soils. It also exhibited a high peak friction angle and low cohesion, reinforcing its behavioral similarities to these soils. The normalized undrained strength ratio matched that of silt. The cyclic behavior corresponded with highly plastic soils, while the shear modulus decay curves were comparable to those of highly organic soils. However, the damping ratio remained lower. SEM and FTIR verified that the concentrated surface functional groups may be the reason for the high friction angle characteristics of fumed silica.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".