Surgical Society in Moscow and surgery for arterial aneurysms in the capital of the Russian Empire in the last quarter of the 19th century (from 1873 to 1898)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: One of the most common arterial operations in the 19th century was aneurysm surgery. However, there were practically no publications on artery aneurysm surgery in Moscow in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Meanwhile, it is known that this period was characterized by the introduction of anesthesia and the antiseptic method into Russian surgery. The issues of aneurysm surgery in the historical period under review were actively discussed at meetings of the Surgical Society in Moscow. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the state of arterial aneurysm surgery in Moscow in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The materials of this retrospective study were the minutes of the meetings of the Moscow Surgical Society published in the 'Annals of the Surgical Society in Moscow' from 1873 to 1898, with historical, evolutionary-chronological and comparative methods used for their analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: From 1873 to 1898, over 700 communications and reports were heard at the meetings of the Moscow Surgical Society, of which only 20 reports were related to cardiovascular pathology, with only 9 of them devoted to arterial aneurysms. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of arterial aneurysms in patients in Moscow in the last quarter of the nineteenth century was relatively rare: only 9 reports out of 700 (1%) were devoted to this disease. Among others, surgeons reported such difficult-to-diagnose lesions as aneurysm of the aortic arch (1881), intracranial artery (1881) and abdominal aorta (1897). Aneurysm operations performed under anesthesia with the use of antiseptics consisted in ligation of the afferent and efferent ends of the artery. A peculiarity of the approach to the treatment of aneurysms by I.K. Spizharny (1886) was the use of a combined method of treating aneurysms with compression and ligation of the artery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".