Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article argues that the Scottish industry recovered fairly quickly from the cotton famine but declined steeply in the late nineteenth century. The article analyses the wills and inventories of fifty Scottish cotton masters and sixty-one Glasgow West India merchants from 1783 to 1912—a total sample of 111. From the 1830s, Scottish cotton masters diversified their portfolios into iron and steel manufacturing, engineering, railways, chemicals, and shipping. Wills and inventories need to be supplemented by contemporary analysis, such as the posthumous memoirs of Archibald Alison, Margaret Irwin, and the Women’s Industries in Scotland, or contemporary biographies. Recent research by Sven Beckert, Maxine Berg, Pat Hudson and Giorgio Riello has emphasized globalization, increasing trading and financial links between Liverpool and New Orleans, and growing regional variations between Scotland and Lancashire. The decline of the Scottish cotton industry was rooted in cultural norms, social expectations, and religious behaviour, plus investment in more profitable industries developing in the west of Scotland.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".