Protection induced in pigs previously infected by the non-virulent strain 1330 of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is not due to the secretion of the bacteriocin suicin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a systemic pathogen of swine and imposes a significant economic burden on the swine industry. Disease with S. suis is controlled with antibiotic treatment and vaccination with inactivated vaccines, which can be derived from the strains circulating on the farm. Inactivated vaccines have shown mixed results with minimal data supporting reductions in morbidity and mortality following their use. With increasing restrictions on antibiotic use and increasing concerns surrounding antimicrobial resistance, alternatives to antibiotics or novel, highly effective vaccines are needed for treating or preventing disease with S. suis. Bacteriocins are a potential alternative to antibiotics, as bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria. However, the use of bacteriocins to limit pathogenic S. suis remains relatively under-examined. Live vaccines are a potential novel and effective method of preventing disease, as they provide competition for pathogenic strains and would limit pathogenic strain colonization while stimulating a protective immune response. This study investigated the use of an avirulent, bacteriocin producing isolate of S. suis (90-1330) as an intranasal vaccine and evaluated the role of the bacteriocin by comparing protection to animals inoculated with a mutant lacking bacteriocin production (90-1330Δsuicin). Animals were protected from systemic disease when challenged with a virulent isolate 21 days after inoculation with either 90-1330 or 90-1330Δsuicin but were not protected when challenged 3 days after inoculation. Evaluation of antibody titers showed increased titers 21 days post-inoculation, and the humoral response was likely providing systemic protection. Although 90-1330 was unable to protect animals challenged 3 days post-inoculation, the strain should be considered a good candidate for vaccine development. S. suis 90-1330 was able to induce a protective immune response with a single intranasal inoculation and bacteriocin production may be able to contribute to protection when animals have a lower exposure dose, as in a production setting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".