Diversity and Discrimination in Dentistry: The University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines the history of discrimination against women, Jews, Blacks, and Asians at the University of Toronto dental school from 1921 to 2000. The University of Toronto was the largest dental school in Canada. Discrimination could take various forms - the most obvious was a quota. As this article will show, although it was not a quota per se, the University of Toronto dental school discriminated against Jewish students in the admissions process at least until 1954 and possibly thereafter. There appears to have been no discrimination against women in the admission process, although there is evidence of discrimination against Asian applicants. In addition to discrimination around admissions, students and professors also subjected Jewish, female, and other minority students to daily acts of hostility (sometimes guised in the form of teasing) that made the atmosphere less than welcoming.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.031 | 0.024 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".