Application of Quantitative Methods to Identify Analogous Cities: A Search for Relevant Experiences in the Development of Smart Cities for Implementation in Kazakhstan
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rapid urban growth and the spread of the concept of smart cities force an increasing need to understand how cities become “smart” and apply their experience where it will best take root. Understanding which experience will be most suitable is not a trivial task and requires labor-intensive analysis. This study aims to identify smart cities that are most similar to Almaty and Astana in terms of key indicators by applying quantitative methods. Using a sample of smart cities, this paper successively employs three methods—principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding. The results showed that Denver and Ottawa are the closest to Almaty and Astana, followed by Ankara and Phoenix. The proposed methodology allowed us to assess the similarity of urban development conditions, with an assumption that similar development conditions determine approaches to the development of smart cities, and thus the relevance of experiences from other smart cities worldwide could be applied to Almaty and Astana. This approach is intended to contribute to the effectiveness of transferring advanced solutions of smart city development to the context of Kazakhstan. The obtained conclusions can be used to form recommendations for the development strategy of Almaty and Astana, as well as other cities facing similar challenges.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it