Polypharmacy Prevalence and Side Effects in Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducts surveillance of disease risk and prevalence in a representative sample of the US population.NHANES does not include active-duty military personnel.Therefore, representative data on disease risk and prevalence in this population is not available.The objective of this analysis was to determine the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in a representative sample of active-duty US Army Soldiers.Methods: The Military Health and Nutrition Examination Study (MHANES) is modeled after NHANES.Data were collected at 2 large Army bases in 2024 from 259 Army Soldiers.All had a fasted blood draw and measurement of height, weight, blood pressure (BP), and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis.Results: Participants (25% female, 25% Hispanic, 56% white, 85% enlisted) were (mean AE SD) 28.8 AE 7.6 y.Participants had a body mass index (BMI) of 28.1 AE 4.3 kg/m 2 , with 77% of the population having a BMI ! 25 kg/m 2 , 51% having a BMI !27.5 kg/m 2 , and 30% having a BMI ! 30 kg/m 2 .Females (n66) had a body fat percentage of 32 AE 7% and males (n 192) 23 AE 8%.Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations were 5.40 AE 0.31%, with 19% of the population above the cut-off for prediabetes ( > 5.7%).LDL-cholesterol concentrations were 98 AE 31 mg/dL, with 33% of the population having borderline high LDL-cholesterol ( > 100 mg/dL) and 13% having high LDL-cholesterol ( > 130 mg/dL).Triglyceride concentrations were 102 AE 86 mg/dL, with 5% of the population having mildly elevated triglycerides ( > 150 mg/dL) and 6% having moderately to severely elevated triglycerides ( > 200 mg/dL).BP was normal (systolic < 120 and diastolic < 80 mm Hg) in 46% of the population, while 18% met the cutoff for elevated BP (systolic 120-129 and diastolic < 80 mm Hg), 29% met the cutoff for stage 1 high BP (systolic 130-139 or diastolic 80-89 mm Hg), and 7% met the cutoff for stage 2 high BP (systolic !140 or diastolic !90 mm Hg).Conclusions: Active-duty Soldiers have a similar prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors compared to age-matched US civilians.Nutritional and lifestyle interventions for early identification and mitigation of cardiometabolic risks are needed to preserve and improve the health of the force.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".