Enhancing Smart Tourism With Chatbots: Focus on the Metamodel of Domain‐Specific Language and Emerging Technologies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The tourism sector is adopting smart solutions to offer visitors more personalised and sustainable experiences. By leveraging urban infrastructure and new technologies, tourist destinations aim to enhance the interaction between travellers and their environment. Artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) play a key role in this transformation, particularly through chatbots. They are AI‐driven applications designed to simulate human‐like conversations, enabling users to interact with digital services through text or voice interfaces. In the tourism sector, they facilitate real‐time access to information and services, improving the visitors' experience. These applications typically rely on intent recognition APIs, which may be proprietary, requiring access fees and potentially leading to high implementation costs. This study explores the use of a domain‐specific language (DSL) dedicated to chatbot development for smart tourism. The first contribution comprises various research topics and emerging technologies used to improve smart tourism experiences and their impact on key tourism components such as attractions, accessibility, amenities, activities, available packages, and ancillary services. Second, this work aims to present the key concepts of model‐driven engineering involved in constructing a DSL and to introduce our approach to building a DSL, with a focus on presenting the DSL metamodel. Third, this study identifies the challenges and limitations of using DSLs in chatbot development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".