A novel sex-associated genomic region in <i>Catostomus</i> fish species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Genomic regions that influence sex are hypothesized to play a key role in evolutionary diversification, as sex determination mechanisms may promote or impede reproductive isolation between closely related species. Remarkably, these mechanisms are almost completely unknown in many taxa, especially in clades like fish with extremely variable sex determination. In Catostomus fishes, contemporary hybridization is extensive but variable, and factors influencing hybridization dynamics are not fully understood. We used genotyping-by-sequencing data from three Catostomus species (bluehead, white, and flannelmouth suckers) to identify regions of the genome associated with sex using a genome-wide association study. We identified a genomic region in bluehead suckers from Colorado on chromosome 4 that significantly associates with sex and is suggestive of a sex-determining region. This region is not significant in the other species studied here, or in a divergent lineage of bluehead suckers, implying that either the sex-determining region of the genome differs in these species and populations, or that technical limitations precluded identification of sex determination. These results provide the first description of sex determination systems in Catostomus species and suggest that further investigation of sex determination in the Catostomidae genus is needed to better characterize evolutionary turnover of sex determination in this species-rich group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".