Accumulation and phytotoxic effects of insensitive munition compounds in perennial ryegrass ( <i>Lolium perenne</i> ) from amended soil—methodological considerations for determination of bioconcentration factors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study evaluated the phytotoxicity and bioconcentration of the insensitive munition compounds 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) grown in Sassafras sandy loam soil. A 21-day plant toxicity test identified sublethal concentrations for a subsequent 42-day bioconcentration study. In the 21-day test, DNAN exposure reduced seedling emergence at ≥ 50 mg kg-1, with shoot biomass significantly reduced at 100 mg kg-1 and completely inhibited at ≥ 250 mg kg-1. Root biomass declined at 50 mg kg-1 and was fully inhibited at 100 mg kg-1 and above. Chemical analysis revealed formation of the DNAN transformation product 2-amino-4-nitroanisole (2-ANAN), with total SumDNAN (DNAN + 2-ANAN) decreasing in both planted and unplanted soils. 2,4-Dinitroanisole bioconcentration factors (BCFs) remained < 1 in both roots and shoots. However, 2-ANAN showed higher accumulation in the 21-day study, with shoot and root BCFs of 36 and 8.0, respectively, and translocation factors (TFs) > 1. 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one was not detected in ryegrass tissues after 21 days. In the 42-day study, the DNAN soil concentration decreased by 58% in planted soil and 38% without plants. 2,4-Dinitroanisole was detected in both tissues, with shoot and root BCFs < 1 and a TF of 2.95. 2-Amino-4-nitroanisole was detected in only one replicate but exhibited shoot and root BCFs > 1 and a TF of 7.17. These results suggest that DNAN has low bioconcentration potential in ryegrass, but its transformation product 2-ANAN may accumulate and translocate more readily. 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one exhibited negligible uptake. Findings highlight the importance of assessing transformation products and exposure duration when evaluating the fate of munitions in terrestrial plant systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".