National Colonialism: Nation‐State, Colonialism and Colonisation of Kurdistan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This article develops the concept of ‘national colonialism’ to capture colonial relations in the nation‐state form. It does so through a critical appraisal of the concept of ‘internal colonialism’, which largely fails to explain the links between nationalism and colonial relations. It defines national colonialism as the racialising forms of political subjugation and economic exploitation of the periphery by the core in nation states. It is argued that as a form of social and political relations of domination based on cultural difference, the tendency to national colonialism is in fact intrinsic to the nation‐state form. This is so due to uneven development of capitalism, homogenising thrust of nationalist ideologies and the structural ways in which nation‐state formation and maintenance involve coercive minoritisation of non‐sovereign peoples. The argument is empirically substantiated through a case study of all four parts of Kurdistan whose colonisation problematises simplistic explanations of the causes of colonialism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".