A visco-hypoplastic model for normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper develops a new time-dependent hypoplastic model for normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays. A novel viscous strain rate formulation is derived from the isotach concept and incorporated into the total strain rate of the hypoplastic framework, allowing for viscous deformation at the onset of loading. The hypoplastic flow rule is defined for the direction of the viscous strain rate and its intensity directly linked to the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) and secondary compression coefficient. The Matsuoka–Nakai criterion is further introduced into the strength parameter through the transformed stress technique, enabling the model to describe the stress–strain–time behaviour of clays in general stress space. In addition, a new scalar function is proposed and implemented into the model to consider the OCR effect on the initial stiffness. The model predictive ability is finally examined by simulating laboratory tests on three different clays with various OCRs and stress paths, demonstrating that the model can capture the rate dependency, stress relaxation, and creep behaviours for both normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays under various loading conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".