Experimental investigation on the water migration and deformation of widely graded coarse soil under drying–wetting cycles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Widely graded coarse soils are widely distributed in the mountainous regions of China and are extensively utilised in engineering construction. The volume change of these materials upon intense seasonal wetting and drying cycles presents challenges for the long-term performance of the engineering structures. In this study, the water migration and deformation behaviour of widely graded coarse soils are examined over multiple cycles of drying and wetting. Laboratory tests are integrated with nuclear magnetic resonance and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that capillary and adsorption forces drive the gradual expulsion and absorption of inter-aggregate and intra-aggregate pore water during the drying–wetting cycles. These two mechanisms differentially influence the microstructure and soil water characteristic curve, soil shrinkage curve, and their hysteretic response. The water content corresponding to the transition between these two regimes is influenced by the coarse content of the soil. In the capillary regime, capillary forces generate normal stresses on the soil skeleton, inducing significant volume changes and resulting in a denser soil structure. In the adsorption regime, on the other hand, adsorption forces control the drainage of pore water within the aggregates. This causes the clay aggregates to shrink without significant deformation of the soil skeleton, the latter being influenced by the coarse content. The hysteresis effect is notably more pronounced in the capillary regime.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".