Under the Influence of His Leader Cult: Miklós Horthy’s Self-Image During World War II
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract After World War I and the collapse of the Hungarian Kingdom via the Trianon Peace Treaty, a leader cult developed around Miklós Horthy, regent (the head of state) of Hungary between 1920 and 1944. This cult existed throughout the so-called Horthy era, but its intensity and emphasis changed. According to the official image of Horthy, created by many cult-makers and disseminated through different propaganda techniques, he was the only one capable of restoring the national glory and greatness that Hungary had lost after the Great War. As in the cases of other European leader cults of that time, it is very important to analyze the impact of the Horthy cult on the man who was the object of such adulation. This issue has not received sufficient scholarly attention from historians. This article shows how the uninterrupted propaganda, and his oversimplified and exaggerated official image, had a significant impact on Horthy’s self-image during World War II.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".