Ruptured saccular cavernous carotid aneurysm presenting as a rare cause of epistaxis: a case report and comprehensive literature review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Non-traumatic cavernous carotid artery (CCA) aneurysms are a rare cause of life-threatening epistaxis, particularly when they extend into the paranasal sinuses. • Recurrent aneurysmal rupture and rebleeding often necessitate more aggressive treatments, such as stent placement or ICA vessel sacrifice. • The mortality rate for CCA aneurysms presenting with epistaxis is 22 %, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis, aggressive management, and awareness of recurrence risks. Epistaxis with an intracranial cause is typically attributed to either traumatic carotid cavernous fistula or mycotic aneurysm rupture secondary to sinusitis with skull base erosion. In rare cases, it is described following the rupture of an idiopathic saccular aneurysm originating in the cavernous segment of the carotid artery with protrusion into the paranasal sinuses. Here, we report the case of a 71-year-old patient who presented with multiple episodes of epistaxis secondary to a ruptured cavernous carotid aneurysm that extended to the left sphenoid sinus. The patient was treated by coil embolization, followed by occlusion of the left internal carotid artery because of recanalization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".