Comparison of HTST and UV-C treatments on the quality attributes of whole milk, skim milk, and whey protein concentrate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV-C) treatment is a proposed alternative to conventional high temperature-short time (HTST) processes for milk pasteurization. However, little information is available on its impact on the chemical composition of milk, as well as a comparison with HTST treatment. Consequently, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of HTST (72 °C, 16 s) and UV-C (coil diameters of 5- and 7-mm, 1 or 2 passes) with turbulent flow on the proximate composition, protein profiles and surface properties, as well as off-flavor development in whole milk (WM), skim milk (SM), skim milk generated from whole milk (SM WM ), and whey protein concentrate (WPC). Our results on proximate composition showed that only the UV-C treatment with 2 passes using a 7-mm coil resulted in lower lipid content in SM WM compared to HTST. Protein profiles, free thiol content, surface hydrophobicity, and aromatic amino acid levels remained similar between the control, HTST and UV-C treated samples. However, higher alcohol levels were detected in HTST-treated samples, while UV-C-treated dairy fluids had increased levels of free fatty acids and ketones. In addition, hexanal concentration increased only after HTST treatment of WM. This study highlights the potential of UV-C treatment in the dairy industry, demonstrating its ability to preserve nutritional quality while also offering valuable insights into lipid oxidation and the formation of light-induced off-flavor compounds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".