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Record W4411037356 · doi:10.47191/afmj/v10i5.03

Bitcoin's Economic Relationships: Insights from a 10-Year Correlation Study

2025· article· en· W4411037356 on OpenAlex
Anwar Husain, Ishmael Asad, Nathan Leung

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueAccount and Financial Management Journal · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicBlockchain Technology Applications and Security
Canadian institutionsWestern UniversityUniversity of Toronto
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCorrelationMathematicsGeometry

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This study examines the correlation of the price of Bitcoin to eight other key market indicators for the period January 2014 to July 2024. The study's objectives were to determine which indicators had the highest correlation to the price of bitcoin and whether the correlation changed over this period. If there was a change in correlation over this time, the study will attempt to determine the causation of the change. The nine key economic indicators reviewed for correlation to Bitcoin price are (1) the price of gold, (2) Consumer Confidence Index (CCI), (3) US dollar, (4) NYSE Composite Index, (5) NASDAQ Composite Index, (6) Nikkei 255 Index, (7) Hang Seng Index, and (8) the FTSE index. The conclusion of the paper regarding the price of Bitcoin during our study period is that: There was a strong positive correlation with stock exchange indices that were increasing during the period analyzed. A positive relationship also existed with the price of gold over the entire study period; however, it was statistically lower during the 5-year sub-periods analyzed. There was no statistically justified relationship between the price of Bitcoin and the CCI, US Dollar Index or any of the stock indices that had declined during the study period.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.405
Threshold uncertainty score0.453

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.220
Teacher spread0.211 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it