Dynamic Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Export Growth in Ghana: Does Financial Development Matter?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study explores the influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) on export growth in Ghana. We use the Zivot and Andrews unit root test on Ghanaian time-series data from 1990 to 2021 to examine the order of integration. In addition, we utilise the Johansen and Gregory and Hansen cointegration approaches to confirm the existence of a long-period bond among the time series. The results show that FDI negatively affects Ghanaian exports, while financial development positively affects Ghanaian exports. In addition, our results show that industrialisation improves exports, while exchange rate and labour cost have negative impacts on exports. Generally, a certain level of financial stability is needed for financial development and higher exports. However, our results show a U-shaped correlation between increased FDI inflows and exports, suggesting a threshold impact. Causality test results show that exports cause industrialisation and FDI in a single flow, while labour specifically causes exports. This study recommends the realignment of access to credit as well as the efficient allotment of export budgets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".