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Global tracking of marine megafauna space use reveals how to achieve conservation targets
Ana M. M. Sequeira, Jorge Rodríguez, Sarah A. Marley, Hannah J. Calich, Mirjam van der Mheen, Michelle VanCompernolle, Lucy M. Arrowsmith, Lauren R. Peel, Nuno Queiroz, Marisa Vedor, Ivo da Costa, Gonzalo Mucientes, Ana Couto, Nicolas E. Humphries, Sara Abalo‐Morla, Francisco J. Abascal, Debra L. Abercrombie, Kátya G. Abrantes, F. Alberto Abreu‐Grobois, André S. Afonso, Pedro Afonso, Heidi Ahonen, Susanne Åkesson, Joanna Alfaro‐Shigueto, Russel D. Andrews, Frédéric Angelier, Marina Antonopoulou, Javier A. Arata, Gonzalo Araújo, Rándall Arauz, José Manuel Arcos, Igor Arregui, Haritz Arrizabalaga, Marie Auger‐Méthé, Steffen Bach, Frédéric Bailleul, Robin W. Baird, George H. Balazs, Susan G. Barco, Adam Barnett, Warren Baverstock, Alastair M. M. Baylis, Annalea Beard, Juan Bécares, Eduardo J. Belda, Ian Bell, Ashley Bennison, Scott R. Benson, Diego Bernal, Michael L. Berumen, Sandra Bessudo, Natalia Priscila Alves Bezerra, Antonin V. Blaison, Gabriela S. Blanco, Barbara A. Block, Mark Bolton, Mark E. Bond, Ramón Bonfil, Camrin D. Braun, Annette C. Broderick, M. de L. Brooke, Annabelle Brooks, Edward J. Brooks, Ignacio Bruno, Jennifer M. Burns, Michael E. Byrne, Steven E. Campana, Hamish A. Campbell, Richard A. Campbell, Aaron B. Carlisle, Ruth H. Carmichael, Gemma Carroll, Paolo Casale, Filipe R. Ceia, Demian D. Chapman, Taylor K. Chapple, Jean‐Benoît Charrassin, André Chiaradia, John Chisholm, Christopher R. Clarke, Thomas A. Clay, Christophe Cleguer, Elizabeth Clingham, Éric Clua, Jesse E. M. Cochran, Rochelle Constantine, Robert W. Cooper, Estelle Crochelet, Michelle Cronin, Eduardo Cuevas, Kayla P. DaCosta, Laurent Dagorn, Ryan Daly, Randall W. Davis, P J Nico de Bruyn, Carlos Delgado-Trejo, Thomas Dellinger, Solène Derville, Stella Diamant, Andrew DiMatteo, Kara L. Dodge, Philip D. Doherty, Michael C. Double, Alistair D. M. Dove, Thomas K. Doyle, Michael Drew, Lindsay L. Dubbs, Clinton Duffy, Peter H. Dutton, Ewan W. J. Edwards, Luke D. Einoder, Mark V. Erdmann, Eduardo Espinoza, Nicole Esteban, Ana Isabel Fagundes, C. J. Feare, Steven H. Ferguson, Luciana C. Ferreira, Francesco Ferretti, John D. Filmalter, Brittany Finucci, G. Chris Fischer, Richard Fitzpatrick, Jorge Fontes, Ángela Formia, Sabrina Fossette, Malcolm P. Francis, Ari S. Friedlaender, Miguel Furtado, Austin J. Gallagher, Claire Garrigue, Enrico Gennari, H. Grant Gilchrist, Brendan J. Godley, Simon Goldsworthy, Matthew Gollock, Victoria González Carman, W. James Grecian, Jonathan R. Green, Christophe Guinet, Johan Gustafson, Tristan L. Guttridge, Héctor M. Guzmán, Derek J. Hamer, Keith C. Hamer, Neil Hammerschlag, Mike O. Hammill, Luke Harman, Emma Harrison, Catherine E. Hart, Amanda Harris, Gordon D. Hastie, Fábio Hissa Vieira Hazin, Alex Hearn, Mads Peter Heide‐Jørgensen, Leeann Henry, Robert W. Henry, Vicente Guzmán Hernández, Arturo González Herrera, Mark A. Hindell, John C. Holdsworth, Bonnie J. Holmes, Lucy A. Howey, Mauricio Hoyos‐Padilla, Luis A. Hückstädt, Robert E. Hueter, Paulo Lara, Nigel E. Hussey, Charlie Huveneers, Kevin Hyland, Dylan T. Irion, David Jacoby, Audrey Jaeger, Mohammed Y. Jaidah, Mark Jessopp, Oliver J. D. Jewell, Ryan Johnson, Carl G. Jones, Ian D. Jonsen, Lance K. B. Jordan, Salvador J. Jorgensen, Akiko Kato, James T. Ketchum, Alexander S. Kitaysky, A. Peter Klimley, Alison Kock, Pieter Koen, Felipe Ladino Archila, Fernanda de Oliveira Lana, Jude V. Lane, Matthieu Le Corre, Mary‐Anne Lea, James S. E. Lea, Eliza H. K. Leat, Olivia Lee, J. Jacob Levenson, César P. Ley‐Quiñónez, Fiona Llewellyn, Gwen Lockhart, Gustave G. Lopez, Milagros López Mendilaharsu, Andrew Lowther, Paolo Luschi, Molly E. Lutcavage, Warrick S. Lyon, Bruno C. L. Macena, Alice I. Mackay, Christine A. Madden, Mark L. Mallory, Jeffrey C. Mangel, Michael Manning, Kate Mansfield, David March, Adolfo Marco, Marianne Marcoux, David Acuña-Marrero, Helene Marsh, Heather Marshall, Bruce R. Mate, Jaime McAllister, Rebecca L. McGuire, Jane McKenzie, Lachlan McLeay, Clive R. McMahon, Michelle Modest, John Morris, Mônica M. C. Muelbert, Naveen Namboothri, Wallace J. Nichols, Malcolm A. C. Nicoll, Bradley M. Norman, Ken Norris, Erik Olsen, Steffen Oppel, Sabine Orlowski, Anthony M. Pagano, Brad Page, Vítor H. Paiva, Daniel M. Palacios, Yannis P. Papastamatiou, Denise M. Parker, Charitha Pattiaratchi, Hoyt Peckham, César Peñaherrera‐Palma, Julian G. Pepperell, Richard A. Phillips, Simon J. Pierce, Stephen K. Pikesley, Nicolas J. Pilcher, Patrick Pinet, Matthew H. Pinkerton, Enrico Pirotta, Virginie Plot, Abby N. Powell, Kevin D. Powers, Clare E. M. Prebble, Tiana J. Preston, Rui Prieto, Laura Prosdocimi, John L. Quinn, Lina Maria Quintero, Thierry Raclot, Iván Ramírez, Dení Ramírez‐Macías, Jaime A. Ramos, Andrew J. Read, Rolf R. Ream, Alan F. Rees, Richard D. Reina, Ryan R Reisinger, Ohiana Revuelta, Samantha Reynolds, Anthony J. Richardson, Leena Riekkola, Federico G. Riet‐Sapriza, David P. Robinson, Patrick W. Robinson, Carlos Frederico Duarte Rocha, Tracey L. Rogers, Christoph A. Rohner, Yan Ropert‐Coudert, Monica Ross, David Rowat, Kevin Ruhomaun, Paul M. Sagar, Melita Samoilys, Sonia Sánchez, Alejandra G. Sandoval‐Lugo, Erik Allan Pinheiro dos Santos, António M. Santos, Kylie L. Scales, Gail Schofield, Jayson M. Semmens, Edy Setyawan, Scott A. Shaffer, Kartik Shanker, Marcus Sheaves, George L. Shillinger, Mahmood S. Shivji, Abraham B. Sianipar, Janet R. D. Silk, Mónica A. Silva, Jolene Sim, Samantha J. Simpson, Gregory B. Skomal, David J. Slip, M. J. Smale, Germán Soler, Marc Soria, Lara L. Sousa, Emily J. Southall, Jean‐Claude Stahl, Kilian M. Stehfest, Jeremy T. Sterling, John D. Stevens, Guy M. W. Stevens, Joshua D. Stewart, Akinori Takahashi, Vikash Tatayah, Jean-Baptiste Thiébot, Paul M. Thompson, Simon R. Thorrold, Michele Thums, Jesús Tomás, Leigh G. Torres, Alison V. Towner, Philip N. Trathan, John P. Tyminski, Ricardo Sagarminaga van Buiten, Robert P. van Dam, Frédèric Vandeperre, Nuria Varo‐Cruz, Jeremy J. Vaudo, Michel Vély, Stella Villegas‐Amtmann, Cécile Vincent, David Waayers, Sarah Wanless, Yuuki Watanabe, Cortney A. Watt, Sam B. Weber, Nicola Weber, Michael J. Weise, Linda Welch, Randall S. Wells, Jonathan M. Werry, Bradley M. Wetherbee, Timothy D. White, Scott D. Whiting, Andrea U. Whiting, Annelise Wiebkin, Bárbara Wienecke, Natalie Wildermann, David N. Wiley, Alexis Will, Seán Williams, Marie Windstein, Saskia Wischnewski, Matthew J. Witt, Freya C. Womersley, Andrew G. Wood, Lucy J. Wright, José C. Xavier, Takashi Yamamoto, David J. Yurkowski, Patricia M. Zárate, Alan A. Zavala‐Norzagaray, Alexandre N. Zerbini, Daniel P. Costa, Robert Harcourt, Mark G. Meekan, Graeme C. Hays, David Sims, Carlos M. Duarte, Victor M. Eguı́luz
Bibliographic record
VenueScience · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicMarine animal studies overview
Canadian institutionsUniversity of ManitobaAcadia UniversityAtlantic School of TheologyCanadian Parks and Wilderness SocietyUniversity of WindsorCarleton UniversityEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaFisheries and Oceans CanadaUniversity of British Columbia
FundersUniversity of TokyoUniversity of AberdeenCalifornia Department of Parks and RecreationScottish Natural HeritageMassachusetts Department of Fish and GameAlaska Department of Fish and GameCalifornia Department of Fish and WildlifeMassachusetts MassWildlife Division of Fisheries and WildlifeU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceNatural EnglandSan José State UniversityLong Island UniversityHome OfficeU.S. Department of the Interior
KeywordsMegafaunaThreatened speciesBiodiversityWildlifeMarine pollutionGeographyMarine protected areaMarine reserveConservation biologyExtinction (optical mineralogy)Environmental resource managementFisheryFishingEnvironmental protectionEcologyEnvironmental sciencePollutionBiologyHabitat
Abstract
The recent Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) sets ambitious goals but no clear pathway for how zero loss of important biodiversity areas and halting human-induced extinction of threatened species will be achieved. We assembled a multi-taxa tracking dataset (11 million geopositions from 15,845 tracked individuals across 121 species) to provide a global assessment of space use of highly mobile marine megafauna, showing that 63% of the area that they cover is used 80% of the time as important migratory corridors or residence areas. The GBF 30% threshold (Target 3) will be insufficient for marine megafauna's effective conservation, leaving important areas exposed to major anthropogenic threats. Coupling area protection with mitigation strategies (e.g., fishing regulation, wildlife-traffic separation) will be essential to reach international goals and conserve biodiversity.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.003
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.071
Threshold uncertainty score0.142
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.022
GPT teacher head0.273
Teacher spread0.251 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations44
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes