A High-Efficiency Reconfigurable Bidirectional Array Antenna Based on Transmit–Reflect Switchable Metasurface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This communication proposes a reconfigurable bidirectional array antenna with high efficiency by employing a novel transmit-reflect switchable metasurface (TRSM) with 360° continuous phase coverage. To realize electromagnetic wave manipulation, a transmit-reflect switch layer (TRSL) incorporating PIN diodes is introduced as the middle layer of TRSM, sandwiched by two transmission metasurfaces (TMs). By ON/OFF the switches, the TRSL functions as a mesh-type ground or a polarization-filtering layer, exhibiting a reconfigurable reflective or transmissive property to the incident wave. Further, the TRSM achieves 360° phase compensation and directive beam formation through combined operation of upper and lower TMs. This structure enables bidirectional radiation at a single frequency and polarization. To minimize structural complexity, an enhanced TRSM design was developed and optimized to achieve a 50% reduction in the number of PIN diodes. Since the independent control of bidirectional radiation by TRSL does not interfere with the phase-tuning function of two TMs, the TRSM achieves 360° phase compensation and minimizes quantization errors. Moreover, the use of PIN diodes, which are not directly integrated with the radiating elements, reduces insertion loss. Hence, the TRSM maintains a high aperture efficiency. A prototype was fabricated and measured to demonstrate a successful realization of the upward and downward directive beams with peak gains of 22.3 and 22.1 dBi, and aperture efficiencies of 47.2% and 43.8% The proposed antenna design presents notable advantages such as high gain, high aperture efficiency, cost-effectiveness, a simplified configuration, and electronic beam control functionality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".