The Impact of Tire Shoulder Radius on the Aerodynamics of a Rotating Isolated Wheel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study investigates the influence of tire shoulder radius and Reynolds number on the aerodynamics of an isolated rotating wheel in contact with a moving ground, representative of automotive applications. Four shoulder radii, ranging from a sharp corner (R/D=0) to a rounded edge (R/D=0.1), were examined across a Reynolds number range (ReD) from 8.38×105 to 1.95×106. Numerical simulations were performed using improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) and the k−omega SST turbulence model. Wheels with larger R/D exhibited elevated sensitivity to Reynolds number, however, the impact of R/D variation overshadows the impact of the Reynolds sensitivity. Increasing the shoulder radius significantly reduces both drag (up to 47%) and lift (up to 62%), primarily due to improved flow attachment and a consequent reduction in wake size. Larger shoulder radii delayed the formation of the upper counter-rotating vortex pair and reduced the strength of the “jetting” ahead of the contact patch. This research provides insights into isolated wheel aerodynamics and offers guidance for optimizing tire geometry to improve aerodynamic performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".