Gas-Assisted Spray Fabrication of Reticulated TiO2 Scaffolds for Perovskite Solar Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents a systematic approach to engineering the electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells using a spray deposition technique to fabricate sequentially compact and mesoporous titanium dioxide (c-TiO2, m-TiO2) films. The spray coating method leads to the development of a distinct reticulated morphology characterized by well-defined wavy-like surface features and significantly increased roughness—at least twice that of spin-coated mesoporous films. The increased interfacial area between the mesoporous TiO2 and the perovskite layer facilitates more efficient charge transfer, contributing to higher device performance. By optimizing the deposition parameters, particularly the number of spray cycles for the m-TiO2 layer, we achieve a significant enhancement in device performance, with improvements in power conversion efficiency (PCE), reduced series resistance, and minimized hysteresis. Our results demonstrate that an optimal film thickness promotes better perovskite anchoring, while excessive deposition impedes light transmission and increases sheet resistance. These findings advance the practical fabrication of high-performance perovskite solar cells using simple solution-processing techniques and highlights the potential of scalable spray deposition methods for industrial-scale fabrication.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".