EUTHANASIA BY CONTINUOUS TOPICAL DELIVERY OF CLOVE OIL OVER THE GILLS RESULTS IN DELAYED CARDIAC ARREST IN COMPARISON TO IMMERSION BATH IN JUVENILE RED HEAD TAPAJOS EARTHEATERS (GEOPHAGUS PYROCEPHALUS)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Immersion bath in high doses of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) and eugenol is a common euthanasia method for fish, causing rapid cessation of opercular movements. However, in previous studies where cardiac contractions persisted, despite dosages of MS-222 as high as 1000 mg/L, the hypothesis was advanced that apnea could prevent effective euthanasia. The objective of the study was to determine if continuous topical delivery (CTD) over the gills of MS-222 or clove oil (CO) would result in cardiac arrest at 60 minutes, without recovery after placement in fresh water for an additional 60-minute period. Thirty-six juvenile red head Tapajos eartheaters (Geophagus pyrocephalus) were randomly divided into six experimental groups (six fish/group, concentration of the anesthetics indicated in mg/L): (1) Bath MS 500; (2) CTD MS 500; (3) Bath CO 500; (4) CTD CO 500; (5) Bath CO 1000; (6) CTD CO 1000. The proportion of fish with a heartbeat at 60 minutes and the mean time to cardiac arrest (P < 0.001) were significantly different among groups. At 60 minutes, 6/6 and 5/6 of fish in the Bath CO 1000 group and the Bath CO 500 group experienced cardiac arrest, respectively, while only 1/6 and 3/6 of fish in the CTD CO 500 group and the CTD CO 1000, respectively, did. By 120 minutes, all fish except two fish in the CTD MS 500 group had undergone cardiac arrest. In contrast to our hypothesis, mean time to cardiac arrest occurred faster in immersion bath than in CTD at both concentrations of CO (P ≤ 0.022).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".