Transforming Aluminium Waste: Sustainable Conversion to Commercial MOFs, Hydrogen Fuel, and Essential Aluminium Feedstocks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aluminium dross waste is generated during the aluminium smelting process and has an annual production of nearly 5.3M tonnes worldwide. It is largely comprised of aluminium but also contains different metal oxides, silicates, and other impurities. We demonstrate how to make use of dross by producing high-value products (hydrogen gas, aluminium formate, aluminium acetate, aluminium hydroxide, MOF-303, Al-Fum) towards decarbonization of the aluminium industry. We produce hydrogen gas (1.1-1.2 Lg-1 of dross) by digesting it with NaOH, while further outlining methods to upcycle this encased aluminium into high value materials, and identify a route to pure amporhous Al2O3 via aluminium formate or aluminium acetate. We also demonstrate the production of the water harvesing MOF-303 and Al-Fum directly from processed dross as the aluminium source. This study highlights a complete overview of upcycling of aluminium dross to high value products towards a green energy shift, and industrial circircular economy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".