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Record W4411080642 · doi:10.1007/s12559-025-10475-5

Action Plan Diversity in Children During Control Exploration: Link Between Action and Sense of Agency

2025· article· en· W4411080642 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueCognitive Computation · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldNeuroscience
TopicFree Will and Agency
Canadian institutionsUniversité du Québec à Trois-Rivières
FundersMoonshot Research and Development ProgramCore Research for Evolutional Science and TechnologyJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
KeywordsDiversity (politics)Action (physics)Agency (philosophy)Sense of agencyPlan (archaeology)Action planControl (management)Link (geometry)Computer scienceSense (electronics)Cognitive sciencePsychologyCognitive psychologyArtificial intelligenceSocial psychologyEpistemologyPolitical scienceEngineeringEcologyHistoryPhilosophyLawBiology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The sense of agency refers to the subjective feeling of controlling one’s own actions and, through them, external events. Despite actions containing rich information about human subjective feelings, there are very few ways to abstract such information. The present study aims to use a new method of action analysis to examine whether action plans contain information for measuring the sense of agency both across different conditions (i.e., within participants) and among different individuals. The present study employed an action plan analysis utilizing transformer-LSTM-based autoencoders on a movement dataset of 167 children in a control detection task collected previously in a published paper. This analysis can capture high-level, abstract representations of sequences of motor commands (referred to as action plans) and quantify control exploration behaviors. The action plan diversity showed a sigmoid-like function of control, indicating that actions indeed contain rich information regarding the sense of agency. Furthermore, the individual slope of action plan diversity against control, referred to as action plan sensitivity, significantly correlated with individual control detection accuracy, suggesting that this index can also be used as an inter-individual measure of sense of agency. Our results suggest that simply observing how actions change under different control conditions can quantitatively reflect the emergence of the sense of agency in children. The findings and methodology provide a highly novel and useful tool for studying the sense of agency in broader populations and species in future studies.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.346
Threshold uncertainty score0.350

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.089
GPT teacher head0.305
Teacher spread0.216 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it