Bibliographic record
Abstract
On the 80th anniversary of the United Nations (UN), this paper revisits Andrea Charron’s 2007 discussion of the UN’s collective security framework in “Expanding the UN’s Collective Security System.” Charron analyzed the UN’s capacity to uphold international peace and security, reviewing the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and the Duty to Prevent as potential tools for strengthening collective security. This paper situates Charron’s work in the geopolitical landscape of 2007 and examines the R2P and Duty to Prevent doctrines against the seven ideal elements of security. It then analyzes the application of R2P in Libya in 2011 to evaluate its impacts and limitations with consideration of the seven ideal elements of security. Charron’s assertions and predictions are assessed within the contemporary geopolitical context of 2025. Finally, the paper reflects on the future of collective security and the challenges posed by an eroding international rules-based system.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.028 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.013 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".