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Record W4411087157 · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0325133

SARS-COV-2 mutations in North Rift, Kenya

2025· article· en· W4411087157 on OpenAlexaff
Elius Mbogori, Kelvin Thiong’o, Caroline Wangui Gikunyu, Winfrida Cheriro, Stanslaus Musyoki, Richard Biegon, Damaris Matoke-Muhia, Kirtika Patel, Binhua Liang, Elijah Songok

Bibliographic record

VenuePLoS ONE · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Canadian institutionsUniversity of ManitobaPublic Health Agency of CanadaUniversity of Toronto
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCladeMutationBiologyGeneticsSilent mutationGenomeSynonymous substitutionVirologyGenePhylogeneticsCodon usage biasMissense mutation

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The rise of new SARS-CoV-2 mutations brought challenges and progress in the global fight against COVID-19. Mutations in spike and accessory genes affect transmission, vaccine efficacy, treatments, testing, and public health strategies. Monitoring emerging variants is crucial to halt re-emergency of the virus and spread. 44 nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs from Kenyan patients were sequenced with the Illumina platform. Galaxy's bioinformatic tools were used for genomic analysis. SARS-CoV-2 genome classification was done using PANGOLIN and mutation annotation with the COVID-19 Annotator tool. From this study, 5 clades of SARS-CoV-2 were identified of whom 38 (86%) were BA.1.1; 2 (5%) were BA.1.1.1; 1 (2%) was BA.1; 1 (2%) was BA.1.14 and 2 (5%) were AY.46. Symptomatic patients were 16 out of 18 males and 22 out of 26 females. Out of these, symptomatic patients, BA.1.1 was found in 14 males and 18 females. In these clades we found 53 significant mutations of which 42 were non-synonymous, 10 synonymous, 7 deletions, 4 insertions and 2 extragenic. Out of the 42 non-synonymous mutations, 7 were exclusively found in symptomatic patients. Two new mutations, S:R214R, and NSP2:A555A, were also found and were dominant in symptomatic patients. These findings add to the understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus future evolution in the region.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.020
Threshold uncertainty score0.040

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.083
GPT teacher head0.348
Teacher spread0.265 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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