Failure analysis of geothermal API 5L grade B steel pipeline
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article reports on the failure analysis of the geothermal steam pipe. Macro and micro examination of failed pipelines was studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The energy-dispersive spectroscopy studied the elemental composition of the corroded surface. Further, the study measured the pipe thickness on the failed pipeline section. Visual examination showed a significant thinning of the outer section of the failed pipe to 3 mm from 12.7 mm of the original pipe. The chemical composition results show that the steel meets the minimum requirements for API 5L Grade B steels used in steam pipelines for geothermal power plants. The microstructural analysis of the investigated steel shows that the steel had pearlite and ferrite phases. The steel failure mechanism was due to erosion-corrosion, which caused localised wall thinning near the drain port and elbow section. The study recommends creep-resistant steel for the drain port and elbow for geothermal power plant application.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".