Cross-Laminated Timber Shear Walls Coupled with Steel Link Beams and Hold-Down Dampers: An Optimization Case Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p>Balloon-type coupled shear walls provide an efficient lateral force-resisting system (LFRS) for earthquake-resilient tall timber buildings. This paper presents an optimization study tailored to an 18-story residential building located in Vancouver, Canada. The LFRS comprises four cross-laminated timber (CLT) coupled shear walls (CSWs) with replaceable steel link beams and resilient friction-type hold-down dampers in both main directions and CLT diaphragms. The section size of steel link beams and the friction force of hold-down dampers were optimized by solving a combinatorial multiobjective optimization problem. Results show that the proposed method led to a reduction of section forces in the CLT wall segments by optimizing the cross-section properties of steel link beams and the friction force of hold-down dampers. The findings provide practitioners with an alternative method for designing resilient CLT-CSW systems for high-rise mass timber buildings.</p>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".