Tourism and the Counterculture Traveller: Reconsidering the Hippie Trail
Bibliographic record
Abstract
By the 1960s, tourism was already becoming a large commercial industry selling travel as a purchasable commodity. A subset of conventional tourists were youths from western countries who made the journey to India along what became known as the Hippie Trail, a route that partially replicated the fabled Silk Road. Termed “hippies” by the popular press, the number who made the journey is estimated as close to two million. The emergence of these countercultural travellers was the product of specific material and cultural conditions. This paper is abridged from a soon to be published book based on my own experiences and interviews with forty-eight individuals who made the journey in the 1960s and 1970s. I focus here on the socio-demographic characteristics of travellers and the cultural milieu of the time. Specifically emphasized is the mutual impact of fiction and non-fiction writings, films, and music in shaping images conducive to a desire to travel the Hippie Trail.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".