The Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies: Introducing a New Typology of Violent Actor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This research provides a critical assessment of Haiti’s contemporary ‘gang’ crisis through an in-depth analysis of the Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies (G9). It questions if G9 truly is a gang, and if not, what is it? And how might we better understand it? Through an application of the Terrorism and Extremism Matrix (Kelshall & Archutowski, 2019), this research argues that G9 is not, in fact, a gang, and can instead be more accurately understood under a new typology of violent hybrid actors. An assessment of G9’s structure, motivations, objectives, capacity for violence, violence rationale, and group visibility, demonstrates that the actor transcends traditional categorisations as it blends characteristics from gangs, organised crime syndicates, and terrorists to act as a hybrid entity. This research additionally illustrates the significance and implications of this reclassification, and how context-specific policy and law enforcement approaches can enable more effective mitigation and disruption measures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".