Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The mean flow around surface-mounted low-aspect-ratio rectangular flat plates was studied experimentally for four different aspect (height-to-width) ratios (AR = 1, 0.5, 0.35, 0.2) with the plate oriented normal to flow (at an angle of attack of β = 90°, where the angle of attack represents the rotation of the flat plate about its vertical axis). In addition, the mean wake of the plate of AR = 0.2 was studied at angles of attack from β = 90° to 10°. The Reynolds number was Re = 7.4 × 104 based on plate width and the boundary layer thickness relative to the plate width was δ/W = 0.83. At β = 90°, the near wake is dominated by the shear layer separating from the top of the plate and a large recirculation zone behind the plate. The far wake is characterised by one or two pairs of streamwise counter-rotating vortex structures. For AR = 1, downwash reaches the ground plane and there is a single pair of dipole structures. For AR = 0.5, 0.35, and 0.2, downwash does not reach the ground plane and there are two pairs of vortex structures: a stronger outer vortex pair and a weaker inner vortex pair. For the plate of AR = 0.2, as β is lowered from 90° to 10°, the mean wake shifts laterally, the outer and inner vortex pairs become asymmetric, and some vortex merging occurs. From β = 45° to 10°, the mean wake is dominated by a wing-tip (trailing) vortex adjacent to the ground plane, which induces additional streamwise vorticity of opposite sign. The maximum vortex strength and greatest peak vorticity occur from β = 30° to 45°, and the greatest vortex generator effectiveness (defined as the ratio of vortex circulation to aerodynamic drag) was found to occur at β = 30°.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".