Bibliographic record
Abstract
The American historian Martin Klein examines the practice of slavery from the seventeenth century in West Africa’s Saint-Louis-du-Senegal, the Gold and Slave Coasts (Elmina, Whydah, and Lagos), and the Bight of Benin (Niger Delta and Calabar). This commerce also involved Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch slavers. Klein examines the role of powerful African signares: women traders who were married to European men in trading companies. Along with métis (mixed-race) families, these were active slave owners and slave traders in eighteenth-century Senegal. The enslaved in Saint-Louis also worked as sailors, masons, cooks, blacksmiths, laundresses, and traders. From the seventeenth century, an Afro-Dutch community emerged in what is now Ghana, which played important roles in the Dutch trading company-led slave trade in Elmina Castle. These slaves also worked as carpenters, bricklayers, coopers, cooks, and stonebreakers. Whydah had French, English, and Portuguese settlements involved in the slave trade, while slavery in British-dominated Lagos continued into the colonial era. Enslaved labour in Lagos was involved in fishing, crafts, manufacturing, and transport, while the Bight of Benin’s slavery was largely indigenous-led.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".