The Course of Industrial Development Influencing Smallholder Farmers’ Peace in the Face of Structural and Cultural Violence: The Case of Lume District, Oromia, Ethiopia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to uncover the structural and cultural violence that happens in the course of industrial development and affects farmers’ peace in Lume District, EastShawa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. The case study design and primary data were used in this investigation. Data were gathered through in-depth and key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and desk reviews and then thematicallyanalyzed. The findings of the study revealed that in the course of industrial development, smallholder farmers were exposed to structural and cultural violence due to inbuilt little concern given for the rights, security, and economic survival of the farmers hosting the industry sector. The course of industrial development in Ethiopia, in general, and in Lume District in particular, defies what development as a concept entails and follows an exclusionary and destructive approach when it comes to the overall well-being of smallholder farmers. Development being used as a pretext for exploitation stands against what development is supposed to bring economically to the farmers, ultimately exposing them to violent conflict. To address the security issues facing the farming community, it is necessary to reexamine the structural and cultural violence ingrained in the unjust course of industrial development that violates smallholder farmers' fundamental human, economic, civil, environmental, and security rights. Keywords: Industrial development; smallholder farmers; structural and cultural violence; peace ________________________________________________________________ L'influence du développement industriel sur la paix des petits exploitants agricoles face à la violencestructurelle et culturelle : le cas du district de Lume, Oromia, Éthiopie RésuméCette étude vise à mettre en évidence la violence structurelle et culturelle qui se produit au cours du développement industriel et qui affecte la paix des agriculteurs dans le district de Lume, zone East Shawa, à Oromia, en Éthiopie. L'enquête a été menée sur la base d'une étude de cas et de données primaires. Les données ont été recueillies au moyen d’entretiens approfondis et avec des informateurs clés, de discussions de groupe et d’examens documentaires, puis analysées thématiquement. Les résultats de l’étude ont révélé qu’au cours du développement industriel, les petits exploitantsagricoles ont été exposés à une violence structurelle et culturelle. Cela est dû au peu d’intérêt accordé à leurs droits, à leur sécurité et à la survie économique des agriculteurs qui hébergent le secteur industriel. L’évolution du développement industriel en Éthiopie, en général, et dans le district de Lume en particulier, va à l'encontre de ce que le concept de développement implique et suit une approcheexcluante et destructrice en ce qui concerne le bien-être général des petits exploitants agricoles. Le développement est utilisé comme prétexte pour que l’exploitation s’oppose à ce que le développement est censé apporter économiquement aux agriculteurs, les exposant finalement à des conflits violents. Pour résoudre les problèmes de sécurité auxquels est confrontée la communauté agricole, il estnécessaire de réexaminer la violence structurelle et culturelle enracinée dans le cours injuste du développement industriel qui viole les droits humains, économiques, civils, environnementaux et de sécurité fondamentaux des petits exploitants agricoles. Mots-clés : développement industriel, petits exploitants agricoles, violence structurelle et culturelle, paix
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".