Peak Friction Angle of Sand at a Wide Range of Effective Stresses from Drained Direct Shear, Triaxial, and Plane-Strain Tests for the Design of Retaining Structures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT A uniformly graded clean sand from a backfill of a sloped reinforced soil wall, located in Skedsmo, Norway, was tested in direct shear, triaxial, and plane-strain modes of shear. The tests were performed at a range of effective stress ranging between 4 kPa to 300 kPa. The goal of the laboratory testing program was to assess the credibility of typical empirical correlations to estimate friction angles used in the design practice of retaining walls. Additionally, the experimental results obtained were compared with the very few exclusive literature studies in which all three devices have been used at comparable effective stresses. The discussion addresses the extent previous empirical correlations are applicable and the selection of the peak friction angle in design practice. The stress levels were chosen to represent in situ conditions for a variety of geotechnical problems, like sloped reinforced walls or sloped dam faces, but also offshore for cables, suction buckets, or shallow template foundations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".