Imaging for Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Axial Spondyloarthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis refers to a group of inflammatory rheumatic diseases characterized by shared clinical features, such as inflammatory involvement of the axial skeleton, a specific pattern of peripheral joint involvement (usually asymmetric mono- or oligoarthritis, predominantly involving the lower extremities), enthesitis, and dactylitis. Common extra-musculoskeletal manifestations include acute anterior uveitis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis). Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) denotes the subset of spondyloarthritis with predominant involvement of the spine and sacroiliac joints. The term axSpA encompasses both non-radiographic disease (no definite structural damage on X-rays of the sacroiliac joints) and radiographic disease, which has historically been referred to as ankylosing spondylitis. In clinical practice, these entities represent a spectrum. axSpA may initially present without X-ray changes and in some patients, may later progress to classic ankylosing spondylitis. In this article, we will review the approach to diagnosing (versus classifying) axSpA and examine the role of imaging modalities in diagnosing axSpA and distinguishing it from common mimics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".