Wells syndrome: emerging triggers and treatments– an updated systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Wells syndrome (eosinophilic cellulitis) is a rare inflammatory dermatosis characterized by erythematous, edematous plaques and dermal eosinophilic infiltration. Understanding its evolving triggers and treatment options is critical for optimizing management, particularly in corticosteroid-refractory cases. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review newly reported immunologic and iatrogenic triggers of Wells syndrome, as well as emerging therapies, with the goal of updating clinical guidance. This review focuses on diagnosis and therapy, emphasizing outcomes in patients with refractory or relapsing disease. EVIDENCE REVIEW: A systematic literature search was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines across six databases for English-language studies published between January 2016 and May 2025. Studies were eligible if they described new triggers or treatments for Wells syndrome. Article selection and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute and Newcastle-Ottawa tools. FINDINGS: Twenty-four studies met inclusion criteria: 21 case reports, 2 case series, and 1 retrospective cohort study. Newly identified triggers included COVID-19 infection, SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccines, aluminum- and gelatin-containing pediatric vaccines, and biologic therapies such as ustekinumab and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors. In vaccine-related cases, causality was supported by positive patch testing. Novel therapies trialed in corticosteroid-refractory or relapsing patients included dupilumab, topical ruxolitinib, abrocitinib, and mepolizumab. Most patients experienced complete or near-complete resolution. However, recurrences were common, particularly in idiopathic cases or upon re-exposure to known triggers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Recent literature expands the clinical spectrum of Wells syndrome, highlighting new immunologic and iatrogenic triggers. Targeted treatments, especially biologics and Janus kinase inhibitors, demonstrate promising results and may offer steroid-sparing alternatives for patients with refractory disease. Clinicians should consider emerging triggers in differential diagnosis and evaluate newer therapies in recurrent or treatment-resistant cases. Further prospective and registry-based studies are warranted to validate efficacy and support development of evidence-based management guidelines.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.027 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.013 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".